They concluded that a time bomb was the only option. Executions continued to the last days of the war. During 1943 and early 1944 von Tresckow and von Stauffenberg organised at least five attempts to get one of the military conspirators near enough to Hitler, for long enough to kill him with hand grenades, bombs, or a revolver: As the war situation deteriorated, Hitler no longer appeared in public and rarely visited Berlin. While acknowledging that Tresckow and other 20 July conspirators had been involved in war crimes, Arnold writes that Gerlach's argument is oversimplified. Hitler survived, as did everyone else who was shielded from the blast by the conference table leg. John Sandford. Under the pretext that his hearing was damaged because of his injuries, he was able to secure a seat as close to Hitler as possible, with only one other person between him and the Fhrer. WebTehran-43: Operation Long Jump, written by Yuri Kuznets, was a detailed account of the Nazi plot to assassinate the Big Three, and how the Soviets foiled the plot. The "first official memorial service for the resistance fighters of 20 July" was held on the tenth anniversary in 1954. He then slowly dug out a cavity in the brewery, working slowly over a period of time, and then installed the bomb. Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini visit Hitler's damaged headquarters in East Prussia after an attempt on Hitler's life there in July 1944. [1], At 12:42[49] the bomb detonated, demolishing the conference room and killing a stenographer instantly. [38] All written information was handled by Tresckow's wife, Erika, and by Margarethe von Oven, his secretary. The bomb exploded just eight minute afterwards, killing eight people and injuring dozens more. 2023 TIME USA, LLC. Compared to that, nothing else matters. 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Germany on Monday paid tribute to July 20 plot leader Col. Claus von Stauffenberg and others who were captured and executed in the failed attempt to kill Hitler. Web"The Plot to Assassinate Hitler" drama, history and war movie produced in Germany and released in 1955. He confessed, and was executed. One day before Bavauds attempt, German carpenter Georg Elser had another plan in the works. Wilhelm, Crown Prince of Germany was also under suspicion as he was touted to be head of state after Hitler. Hitler personally commuted his death sentence from hanging to the "more honourable" firing squad. Witzleben was a field marshal, but had not been on active duty since 1942. Juli 1944 und die Thesen Christian Gerlachs, "Operation Valkyrie The "July Plot" to Assassinate Hitler | Jewish Virtual Library", German Opposition to Hitler and the Assassination Attempt of July 20, 1944, Operation Valkyrie: the Stauffenberg Plot to Kill Hitler (80 min. Hitler had ordered that those found guilty should be "hanged like cattle". [82] Ralf Georg Reuth thinks that the conspirators perhaps mistook Rommel's ambiguous attitude for approval of the assassination, considering: the conspirators normally did not explicitly mention the assassination; Rommel was very naive and attached to Hitler (who was the personification of National Socialism, which had provided Rommel with a great career) and thus even if Hofacker had mentioned a violent upheaval in Berlin, he would not have interpreted it as an assassination. Even if it fails, we must take action in Berlin, for the practical purpose no longer matters; what matters now is that the German resistance movement must take the plunge before the eyes of the world and of history. By the summer of 1944, a sizable portion of the German populace, including a number of Germanys senior military leaders were beginning to lose hope that Germany could win the war. All attempts involved citizens of the German Reich, except where noted. WebIt takes readers from his privileged early childhood to the studies and travel that would introduce him to peace activists around the worldeventually putting this gentle, [100] Gerlach's arguments were later supported by historian Hans Mommsen, who stated that the plotters were interested above all in military victory. A disillusioned Wehrmacht officer named Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg and his co-conspirators attempt to assassinate Adol. [98] Gerlach proved that plotters such as Tresckow and Gersdorff were aware of mass murder happening in the East from at least 1941. [11] Early leaders of these plots included Major General Hans Oster, Colonel General Ludwig Beck and Field Marshal Erwin von Witzleben. A communist who strongly opposed Nazism, Elser concocted a plan to bomb Hitler during a speech at Munichs Brgerbrukeller brewery. His ties to the July 20, 1944, conspiracy to overthrow the Nazi regime led to his execution in 1945. General Karl Freiherr von Thngen was appointed in his place but proved to be of almost no help. Perhaps hoping that a show of zealous loyalty would save him, Fromm convened an impromptu court martial consisting of himself, and sentenced Olbricht, Stauffenberg, Haeften and another officer, Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim, to death, while putting Beck under arrest; Beck, realising the situation was hopeless, asked for a pistol and shot himselfthe first of many attempted suicides in the coming days. Despite his knowledge of the conspiracy, his formal sentence charged him with poor performance in his duties. The badges themselves bore a facsimile of his signature, making them among the rarest decorations to have been awarded by Nazi Germany. The failure of the assassination attempt and the intended military coup d'tat, or putsch,[8][9] that was to follow led the Gestapo to arrest more than 7,000people, 4,980 of whom were executed.[10]. Poisoning was suspected, but no arrests were made. "The Plot to Assassinate Hitler" is not currently available to stream in Singapore. Fabian von Schlabrendorff remembers Tresckow saying the following before his death: The whole world will vilify us now, but I am still totally convinced that we did the right thing. [96], Hitler knew it would cause a major scandal on the home front to have the popular Rommel publicly branded as a traitor. He died on 8 March 2013, aged 90. This position enabled Stauffenberg to attend Hitler's military conferences, either at the Wolfsschanze in East Prussia or at Berchtesgaden, and would thus give him an opportunity, perhaps the last that would present itself, to kill Hitler with a bomb or a pistol. He was buried with full military honours and his family was spared from persecution; his cause of death did not come to light until after the war. [1], Stauffenberg placed the single primed bomb inside his briefcase and, with the unwitting assistance of Major Ernst John von Freyend, entered the conference room containing Hitler and 20 officers, positioning the briefcase under the table near Hitler. [90] According to journalist and author William L. Shirer, Rommel knew about the conspiracy and advocated that Hitler be arrested and placed on trial. Groups of military plotters exchanged ideas with civilian, political, and intellectual resistance groups in the Kreisauer Kreis (which met at the von Moltke estate in Kreisau) and in other secret circles. In his speech at the event, Theodor Heuss, the first President of the Federal Republic of Germany, said that "harsh words" were necessary, and that "There have been cases of refusal to carry out orders that have achieved historic greatness. They believed that Europe should be controlled under German hegemony. The Faithful Spy: Dietrich Bonhoeffer and the Plot to Kill Hitler John Hendrix 4.42 3,220 ratings795 reviews Interweaving handwritten text and art, John Hendrix tells the story of Dietrich Bonhoeffer and his fight against the oppression of the German people during World War II. Hitler is the archenemy not only of Germany but of the world. WebAdolf Hitler Germanys war strategy was assumed by Hitler from the first. [39] On at least two other occasions Tresckow had tried to assassinate the Fhrer. [55] Others would have been executed as well, but at 00:30 Waffen-SS personnel led by Obersturmbannfhrer Otto Skorzeny arrived and further executions were forbidden. 154157, Resistance and Conformity in the Third Reich Martyn Housden, German Foreign Policy Klaus Hilderbrand, page 188. [15], In 1942, a new conspiratorial group formed, led by Colonel Henning von Tresckow, a member of Field Marshal Fedor von Bock's staff, who commanded Army Group Centre in Operation Barbarossa. The potential for a larger blast was thus reduced by half. At 19:00, Hitler was sufficiently recovered to make phone calls. He called Goebbels at the Propaganda Ministry. [citation needed], While the main goal of the plotters was to remove Hitler from power, they did so for various reasons. With black-and-white photographs, fascinating sidebars, and thoroughly researched details, this book should be essential reading. WebThe Plot to Kill Hitler provides fascinating insights into what makes someone stand up for whats right when no one else is standing with you. Rommel opposed assassinating Hitler. 134135, 2008, Christianity and Resistance in the 20th Century: From Kaj Munk and Dietrich Bonhoeffer to Desmond Tutu (International Studies in Religion and Society Series) page 135, 2008, Germany: 19331990 p. 96 Heinrich August Winkler 2007. This assassination attempt also failed, since Elsers timing was off. Hitler was able to escape, with minor injuries. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. In March of 1943, Henning von Tresckow and partner Fabian von Schlabrendorff hatched a similar plan, with plastic explosives. The room had numerous windows as well as a wooden table and other decorative pieces of furniture, meaning the potential explosion would be significantly reduced as the energy of the blast would be absorbed and dissipated. Contacts were established through the Social Democrats Adolf Reichwein and Julius Leber. Hitler was due to visit Tresckows post in Smolensk on the 13th. On July 20th, 1944, German Army Colonel Movies TV Shows Personas News. Tresckow systematically recruited oppositionists into the Group's staff, making it the nerve centre of the army resistance. The plan failed, though, when the two mean learned that the bomb did not go off; it turned out to be a defective fuse. Operation Valkyrie, July Plot - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). He ultimately came to believe that it was his patriotic duty to rid Germany of Adolf Hitler if the country was to be saved. [75], For his role in stopping the coup Major Remer was promoted to colonel and ended the war as a major general. The plan was for Stauffenberg to plant the briefcase with the bomb in Hitler's conference room with a timer running, excuse himself from the meeting, wait for the explosion, then fly back to Berlin and join the other plotters at the Bendlerblock. The extent of Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel's involvement in the military's resistance against Hitler or the 20 July plot is difficult to ascertain, as most of the leaders who were directly involved did not survive and limited documentation on the conspirators' plans and preparations exists. The group assisted in several assassination attempts including. An unidentified man in SS uniform reportedly tried to kill Hitler during a rally at the Berlin SportPalast. [106] As of 2014[update], the resistance fighters are generally considered heroes in Germany, according to Deutsche Welle. [105], The first all-German commemoration of the event did not take place until 1990. [29], To Poland, which was fighting against Nazi Germany with both its army and government in exile, the territorial demands and traditional nationalistic visions of resistance were not much different from the racist policies of Hitler. The conspirators felt they needed the support of a field marshal on active duty. What was really in there? Once Stauffenberg left the room, the bomb detonated, killing four men. After the Battle of Stalingrad in December 1942, despite his religious scruples, he concluded that the Fhrer's assassination was a lesser moral evil than Hitler's remaining in power. Ludwig Beck committed suicide whilst Stauffenberg, von Haeften, Olbricht and another officer, Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim, were executed by a makeshift firing squad in the courtyard of the Bendlerblock. Olbricht suggested that this plan could be used to mobilise the Reserve Army for the purpose of the coup. Magazines, Or create a free account to access more articles, A Group of German Leaders Tried to Kill Hitler in 1944. I fully concurred with the sentences imposed on them, strangling I felt was too good for them; this was the time, precisely, when we were at a very precarious military situation. The name "Operation Valkyrie"originally referring to part of the conspiracyhas become associated with the entire event. [55] At 16:40 Stauffenberg and Haeften arrived at the Bendlerblock. The bomb failed to detonate, and a second attempt a week later with Hitler at an exhibition of captured Soviet weaponry in Berlin also failed. This is an incomplete list of documented attempts to assassinate Adolf Hitler.[1]. It took place on July 20 of that year, when Stauffenberg was scheduled for a conference at the center, which was called Wolfs Lair. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com. As Hitler approached though, the crowd raised up their arms to salute, blocking his shot. It is a feature-length film with a runtime of 1h 37min. Movies TV Shows Personas News. The would-be assassin asked one of Hitlers staff members to take a hold onto a parcel with two bottles of liquor. Updates? Stauffenberg was seen leaving the conference building by Kurt Salterberg, a soldier on guard duty who did not consider this out of the ordinary as attendees sometimes left to collect documents. [citation needed] However some others assert that, in such actions, Tresckow had to act out of principle to continue with his coup plans. Colonel Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg left a bomb in a Moltke was against killing Hitler; instead, he wanted him placed on trial. The defeat at Stalingrad has weakened belief in Hitler's propaganda of victory. It involved a number of both civilian and military officials. A detailed plan for a coup d'tat had been worked out and was ready to go but, contrary to expectations, Hitler raced through the museum in less than ten minutes. All attempts occurred in the German Reich, except where noted. The 2008 Tom Cruise movie Valkyrie is a historical period piece about the 20 July plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler. In many places the coup was going ahead, led by officers who believed that Hitler was dead. The plot was discovered, and Bonhoeffer was arrested in 1943. Overview Based on the real-life scheme to take down one of history's greatest monsters, this heart-pounding trilogy puts two courageous kids at the center of the plot to kill Adolf Hitler. The young man made it his mission to kill Hitler, and started stalking him in Germany. As an expert, Gersdorff was to guide Hitler on a tour of the exhibition. "[36] Detailed instructions were written for occupation of government ministries in Berlin, Heinrich Himmler's headquarters in East Prussia, radio stations and telephone offices, and other Nazi apparatus through military districts, and concentration camps. By the time Stauffenberg's aircraft reached Berlin about 16:00,[54] General Erich Fellgiebel, an officer at the Wolfsschanze who was in on the plot, had phoned the Bendlerblock and told the plotters that Hitler had survived the explosion. At around 18:10, the commander of Military District III (Berlin), General Joachim von Kortzfleisch, was summoned to the Bendlerblock; he angrily refused Olbricht's orders, kept shouting "the Fhrer is alive",[58] was arrested, and held under guard. Omissions? Erwin Planck, the son of the famous physicist Max Planck, was executed for his involvement. [50] Stauffenberg, upon witnessing the explosion and smoke, erroneously assumed that Hitler was dead. The bomb was hidden in a briefcase, which Stauffenberg set down next to Hitler. This week marks the 70th anniversary of a plot whose success might well have spared millions of lives, while claiming that of historys most infamous mass-murderer, Adolf Hitler. On Saturday, 1 July 1944 Stauffenberg was appointed Chief of Staff to General Fromm at the Reserve Army headquarters on Bendlerstrae in central Berlin. Fromm was freed from his room and fighting broke out in the Bendlerblock between officers supporting and opposing the coup; Stauffenberg was wounded after a shootout. J.Dunnigan'76 / ARTICLES ON: The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany Roderick Stackelberg p. 250, Christianity and Resistance in the 20th Century: From Kaj Munk and Dietrich Bonhoeffer to Desmond Tutu (International Studies in Religion and Society Series) pp. By this time Himmler had taken charge of the situation and had issued orders countermanding Olbricht's mobilisation of Operation Valkyrie. Each badge was accompanied by an ornate award document personally signed by Hitler. A pastor and theologian who died resisting Nazism, Bonhoeffers name works as an argument-clincher because of his dramatic conversion to realism: faced with the horror of Germanys crimes during World War II, he abandoned his earlier pacifism and joined a conspiracy to kill Hitler. Doubt is growing in the heavily bombed cities. None of us can bewail his own death; those who consented to join our circle put on the robe of Nessus. Heres Why They Failed. From early 1942, he had come to share two basic convictions with many military officers: that Germany was being led to disaster and that Hitler's removal from power was necessary. According to historian Ian Kershaw, conflicting reports arrived about the fate of Hitler during the explosion. In 1944, a group of German officers made plans to finish off Hitler at his Prussian command center. [104], A 1951 survey by the Allensbach Institute revealed that "Only a third of respondents had a positive opinion about the men and women who had tried unsuccessfully to overthrow the Nazi regime."[105]. General von Bock advised Tresckow to seek his support, but there is no evidence that he did so. Such actions led historians to question the motives of the plotters, which seemed more concerned with the military situation than with Nazi atrocities and German war crimes. Believing that Hitler was truly dead, Stauffenberg and his aide Werner von Haeften jumped into a staff car and bluffed their way past three separate military checkpoints to escape the chaos at the Wolfsschanze complex. His policies were the foundation of World War II, and gave rise to the Holocaust, a mass genocide. Erwin Rommel is The July 20 plot was a failed attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler in 1944. WebThe Plot to Assassinate Hitler Original title: Der 20. [14], Plans to stage an overthrow and prevent Hitler from launching a new world war were developed in 1938 and 1939, but were aborted because of the indecision of Army General Franz Halder and Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch, and the failure of the Western powers to oppose Hitler's aggression until 1939. Movies TV Goerdeler was apparently also in indirect contact with Himmler via a mutual acquaintance, Carl Langbehn. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Plot to Assassinate Hitler / Wellington's Victory: Battle of Waterloo Game June 18th, 1815 / Outreach: The Conquest of the Galaxy, 3000AD / WebStauffenberg became a leading member of the plot. Finally, at 16:00 Olbricht issued the orders for Operation Valkyrie to be mobilised. Little could be done against Hitler as he was heavily guarded, and none of the plotters could get near enough to him. In the months that followed there were several abortive attempts to kill Hitler and there was a growing fear that the Gestapo Those who survived interrogation were given perfunctory trials before the People's Court, a kangaroo court that always decided in favour of the prosecution. Neurath and Strlin suggested opening immediate surrender negotiations in the West, and, according to Speidel, Rommel agreed to further discussions and preparations. What Is The Difference Between Catholic And Christian? WebThe Plot to Assassinate Hitler Movie. It was based All attempts involved With this in mind, he opted to give Rommel the option of suicide via cyanide or a public trial by Freisler's People's Court. A group of top Nazi and leading military officials among them Hermann Gring, Heinrich Himmler, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, and Grand Admiral Karl Dnitz were present as well. [1][2], The apparent aim of the assassination attempt was to wrest political control of Germany and its armed forces from the Nazi Party (including the SS) and to make peace with the Western Allies as soon as possible. By 15 July, when Stauffenberg again flew to the Wolfsschanze, this condition had been dropped. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [citation needed], Popitz was not alone in seeing Himmler as a potential ally. Keitel demanded to know Stauffenberg's whereabouts. [23] Historian Judith Michel assesses the circle around the 20 July Group as a diverse and heterogeneous group that included liberal democrats, conservatives, social democrats, authoritarian aristocrats, and even communists. The idea was that, once Hitler was dead, the military would claim that the assassination was part of an attempted coup by the Nazi Party and the Reserve Army would seize key installations in Berlin and arrest high-ranking Nazi leadership. Witzleben left shortly afterwards. ES PT DE FR. Disraeli once He also knew that if he chose to stand trial, his family would have been severely punished even before the all-but-certain conviction and execution. However, an unexpected phone call, as well as hurried knocking on his door, meant he only had time to arm one of the two devices. Initially, the Gestapo treated it as a corruption case, accusing Dohnanyi and his colleagues of lining their own pockets. Again on 15 July, the attempt was called off at the last minute. Danny Orbach, "Criticism Reconsidered: The German Resistance to Hitler in Critical German Scholarship", List of assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Axel Freiherr von dem Bussche-Streithorst, List of people killed or wounded in the 20 July plot, alleged plot to kidnap or murder Pope Pius XII, decorations to have been awarded by Nazi Germany, President of the Federal Republic of Germany, Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death, Operation Valkyrie: The Stauffenberg Plot to Kill Hitler, "A Group of German Leaders tried to Kill Hitler in 1944. It was slow going due to war wounds that had cost Stauffenberg an eye, his right hand, and two fingers on his left hand. [70] Evidence indicates that 20 July plotters Colonel Wessel von Freytag-Loringhoven, Colonel Erwin von Lahousen, and Admiral Wilhelm Canaris were involved in the foiling of Hitler's alleged plot to kidnap or murder Pope Pius XII in 1943, when Canaris reported the plot to Italian counterintelligence officer General Cesare Am, who passed on the information. Historians' opinions on this matter vary greatly. The file, number 65-53615, details a plot involving one man. No fewer than 42 plots have been uncovered by historians. Even Fromm was eventually arrested, tried, and executed. On July 20, 1944, Adolf Hitler and senior Nazi military officers met at the Wolfs Lair in Rastenburg, Eastern Prussia. WebCountdown to Valkyrie: The July Plot to Assassinate Hitler de Jones, Nigel en Iberlibro.com - ISBN 10: 1848325088 - ISBN 13: 9781848325081 - Frontline Books - 2009 The historian Ian Becket argues that "there is no credible evidence that Rommel had more than limited and superficial knowledge of the plot" and concludes that he would not have acted to aid the plotters in the aftermath of the attempt on 20 July,[84] while the historian Ralf Georg Reuth contends that "there was no indication of any active participation of Rommel in the conspiracy. Moltke said, "we are all amateurs and would only bungle it". July Plot, abortive attempt on July 20, 1944, by German military leaders to assassinate Adolf Hitler, seize control of the government, and seek more favourable peace terms from the Allies. Goebbels arranged for Hitler to speak to Major Remer, commander of the troops surrounding the Ministry. When Tresckow was assigned to the Eastern Front, Stauffenberg took charge of planning and executing the assassination attempt. The first plan was to shoot him during dinner at the army base camp, but this plan was aborted because it was widely believed that Hitler wore a bullet-proof vest. However, Hitler was no stranger to assassination attempts. Stauffenberg understood that, as a result, the explosive device had to be as close to Hitler as possible in order to do any sort of damage. Stauffenberg now decided to do both, assassinate Hitler and to manage the plot in Berlin. The Fhrer was dead, and Europe was potentially freed from the Nazi scourge. WebUnfortunately, the most well-known assassination plot on Hitlers life, popularly known as the July Plot or Operation Valkyrie, proved unsuccessful for reasons that could have Claus, Count Schenk von Stauffenberg, entered the German army in 1926 and won distinction as a After the attempt, he was transferred back to the Eastern Front, where he managed to evade suspicion.[15]. Two years later, as the Battle of Berlin raged, it was clear that the Third Reich would be defeated. "[43], Himmler had at least one conversation with a known oppositionist when, in August 1943, the Prussian Finance Minister Johannes Popitz, who was involved in Goerdeler's network, came to see him and offered him the support of the opposition if he would make a move to displace Hitler and secure a negotiated end to the war. WebThe young man made it his mission to kill Hitler, and started stalking him in Germany. On 14 July Stauffenberg attended Hitler's conferences carrying a bomb in his briefcase, but because the conspirators had decided that Heinrich Himmler and Hermann Gring should be killed simultaneously if the planned mobilisation of Operation Valkyrie was to have a chance to succeed, he held back at the last minute because Himmler was not present. Tresckow and the inner circle of plotters had no intention of removing Hitler just to see him replaced by the dreaded and ruthless SS chief, and the plan was to kill them both if possibleto the extent that Stauffenberg's first attempt on 11 July was aborted because Himmler was not present. City Commandant, and conspirator, General Paul von Hase ordered the Wachbataillon Grodeutschland, under the command of Major Otto Ernst Remer, to secure the Wilhelmstrae and arrest Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels. Plotters' demands meant a return to pre-1939 German borders; it seems highly unlikely that the Allies would have accepted such enormous demands. Gerlach concludes: "This is, of course, nonsense. As the fighting was still ongoing, Remer and his forces arrived at the Bendlerblock and the conspirators were overwhelmed and arrested; by 23:00 Fromm and Remer had regained control of the building. A stenographer and three officers died, but Hitler escaped with only minor injury. WebThe July 20, 1944, Plot to Assassinate Adolf Hitler The July 20 plot was a failed attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler in 1944. That opinion was shared by many Germans, Germans who did not adore Hitler, who did not belong to the [Nazi] Party. Long Waits, Short Appointments, Huge Bills. [65] Many people took their own lives prior to either their trial or their execution, including Kluge, who was accused of having knowledge of the plot beforehand and not revealing it to Hitler. General Fritz Lindemann, who was supposed to make a proclamation to the German people over the radio, failed to appear and as he held the only copy, Beck had to work on a new one.[59]. [84] Rommel's name also came up in confessions made under torture by Stlpnagel and Hofacker, and was included in Goerdeler's papers on a list of potential supporters. WebAttempt to simulate the July 1944 coup attempt to assassinate Hitler using a std movement/combat system on a hex map,. That same night, General Friedrich Fromm convened an impromptu court martial and sentenced all of the conspirators to death. Web"The Plot to Assassinate Hitler" drama, history and war movie produced in Germany and released in 1955. [83] Thus, Rommel's participation remains ambiguous and the perception of it largely has its source in the subsequent events (especially Rommel's forced suicide) and the accounts by surviving participants. Their most important recruit was General Friedrich Olbricht, head of the General Army Office headquarters at the Bendlerblock in central Berlin, who controlled an independent system of communications to reserve units throughout Germany.