J. Environ. This strong decrease (approximately, 90%) is due to the starch present in the substrate (derived from the potato products), which is very readily biodegradable. Answer (1 of 8): The difference between distillation columns and stripping columns lies in the difference between distillation and stripping itself Distillation is the concept of separating a mixture of liquids into its constituents by making use of their different boiling points. Energ. However, the term sorption covers both absorption and adsorption processes, as well as the ion-exchange process. To create an intense contact between the gas and liquid phases during stripping and scrubbing, the digestate and the acid solution, respectively, were recirculated over Vigreux columns, while an airstream was used to transport the ammonia from the stripping to the scrubbing part of the installation. Use an appropriate average value and document and justify your assumptions. Correspondence to Chemical Engineering Separations: A Handbook for Students, Lecture 2.1 Graphical and mathematical determination of vapor phase flooding velocity, Lecture 1.13 Stage Efficiency and Column Height, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. The absorption process refers to a substance being captured and the transformation of energy. Chemical Engineering Separations: A Handbook for Students by Monica H. Lamm and Laura R. Jarboe is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Cluster for Bio-engineering Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Bruges Campus, Spoorwegstraat 12, 8200, Brugge, Belgium, K. Ghyselbrecht,A. Monballiu&B. Meesschaert, Cluster for Sustainable Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Technology Campus De Nayer, 2860, Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Ecochemistry, Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium, You can also search for this author in Side by Side Comparison Absorption vs Stripping in Tabular Form, Difference Between Coronavirus and Cold Symptoms, Difference Between Coronavirus and Influenza, Difference Between Coronavirus and Covid 19, Difference Between Apple A5 and A5X Processors, Difference Between Electroplating and Galvanisation, Difference Between Hermaphrodite and Transgender, What is the Difference Between Body Wash and Shower Gel, What is the Difference Between Ice Pick and Thunderclap Headache, What is the Difference Between Macular Degeneration and Macular Edema, What is the Difference Between Preganglionic and Postganglionic Brachial Plexus Injury, What is the Difference Between Polyhydramnios and Oligohydramnios, What is the Difference Between Laceration and Abrasion. Usually, a stripping process is performed in either a packed or trayed column. Scrubbing is also referred to as absorption. Next, the stripping gas, which is saturated with NH3, is brought into contact with an acid solution (usually sulphuric acid). Afterwards, the substrate and digestate were characterized by analysing the following parameters: pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), ammonium, nitrite and nitrate. width: 100%; 2. Ion concentrations (ammonium, nitrite and nitrate) were measured by an ion chromatograph equipped with a conductivity detector (883 Basic IC Plus and 883 Compact Autosampler, Metrohm, Switzerland). Stripping and scrubbing of ammonium using common fractionating columns to prove ammonium inhibition during anaerobic digestion. [18] investigated ammonia removal from raw manure digestate by means of a turbulent mixing stripping process. margin-bottom: 25px !important; color: #ffffff; 4. With a team of extremely dedicated and quality lecturers, absorption and stripping will not only be a place to share knowledge but also to help students get inspired to explore and discover many creative ideas from themselves. = active tray area for contact between the gas and liquid phases (area), = Souders and Brown capacity parameter, also known as vapor velocity factor (ft/s), = internal parameter for calculation of (m s-1), = entrainment flooding capacity, from Figure 6.23 (ft/s), = internal variable based on plate-specific value of Ah/Aa (unitless), = superficial liquid velocity (length time-1), = superficial vapor velocity at flooding (length time-1), = superficial vapor velocity (length time-1), = superficial vapor velocity at which the vapor velocity exceeds the liquid droplet settling velocity (m s-1), is from Fig 6.23, needs and tray spacing, for equations 13.8, 13.9, and 13.10, densities must be in kg/m3 and surface tension must be in dyne/cm, *true in all conditions, not just flooding, 180 kmol/hr of fermentation off-gas containing 98 mol% CO2 and 2 mol% ethanol is to be fed to a staged absorption tower that operates at 30C, 110 kPa. Chemistry Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for scientists, academics, teachers, and students in the field of chemistry. The energy requirements vary depending on the acid ga s concentration in the feed, the scrubbing solution We review their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. Stripping works on the basis of mass transfer. padding: 15px 25px; display: block; Help me understand the context behind the "It's okay to be white" question in a recent Rasmussen Poll, and what if anything might these results show? Weather Forecast Berkshire East, Diluted vs. Nondiluted Solute 2. This situation . Temperature and pH were identified as sensitive parameters for the process. padding: 0 !important; Each packing material of this newer generation improves the surface area, the flow area, and/or the associated pressure drop across the packing. l w{%5J?^qI,I37"p2 .3^;vfA2>>u p4YSBJ\RREB,qGeUi*TQ-;g[VKh|E] } Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Environ. We intend to absorb 90% of the acetone entering in the gaseous phase into the liquid phase. The reverse process of absorption is stripping (in a stripper), the removal of a solute from Found inside Page 584The addition of ozone and hydrogen peroxide increased the rate of oxidation in conjunction with commercially available chemical engineering distillation ]nt>)S%Vq3VBbs`8%rqoK LIKE, SHARE and SUBSCRIBE!More likes, sharings, suscribers: MORE VIDEOS!-----CONTACT MEContact@ChemicalEngineeringGuy.comChemical.Engineering.Guy@Gmail.comwww.ChemicalEngineeringGuy.comhttp://facebook.com/Chemical.Engineering.GuyYou speak spanish? Stripping is usually carried out in either a packed or trayed column. Ignore the contribution of the solute. Part of Springer Nature. When applying this process in the industry, the liquid stream and vapour stream can have either co-current or countercurrent flows. What Is Chemical Engineering IN Simple Words? Thanks. Another technique for ammonium recovery can be performed via a stripping and scrubbing process. This implies that the inhibitory effect in the untreated digestate probably is due to NH4+N. (Related to effect of gas and liquid flows on the velocity of packed column). Found inside Page 247It was not practicable to sample the inlet gases isokinetically and only the ( Presented at the American Institute of Chemical Engineers , National Chemical Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas INTRODUCTION Since the inception of the gas processing industry, acid gas removal has been a very energy intensive process. Madhu is a graduate in Biological Sciences with BSc (Honours) Degree and currently persuing a Masters Degree in Industrial and Environmental Chemistry. In our application, a downwards spiralling H2SO4 solution meets the ascending ammoniac. The Five Biggest Misconceptions of Egg Donation. Scrubber are basically pollution control equipment used to scrub out air pollutant ( mainly particultes, and acid gases) from exhaust system. J. Biosci. YouTube. 3IVA-5use}UKuika\,dF*nr|[>Vt%e"ZJRi*B^:V=tulF
%F1B[
|>&~/N;`qv-6lQkiTfeSv!ZlE*VM}:C}y6ud7'YWww7]d6Cj_lz1BY[pz_
i;yZ}62>;}nhU:lv The removal of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from natural gas is a necessary treating step prior to cryogenic processing.At PTT's Gas Separation Plant No. Moreover, Table1 clearly shows that the digestate does not contain nitrite and nitrate. Absorption, Desorption, Stripping & Scrubbing (Lec008) Chemical Engineering Guy 72.7K subscribers Subscribe 8.2K views 2 years ago Mass Transfer Principles for Gas Liquid Unit Operations. All rights reserved. Please let us know here why this post is inappropriate. As noted by Karl, scrubbing is usually used to describe a process in which a liquid is used to clean (scrub) a gas. Found inside Page 91Corrosion data for typos 304L , 309SCb , and 347 stainless steel were each in the stripping and scrubbing steps in partitioning of uranium and thorium . Striping is a chemical process where components are removed from a liquid by a vapour stream. Figure5 shows that the volume of biogas produced is similar for both the treated and untreated digestate during the first 4 days of both experiments. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. What is an example of stripping in Chemical Engineering? Typically, a stripping process is conducted in trayed towers (named plate columns) and packed columns. concentration of the chemical in fish that live in water containing 10 ppm of the chemical? Older generation packing include ceramic Raschig rings and Berl saddles. Tray towers are better at handling solids or other sources of fouling. 88, 16541662 (2013), Srinath, E.G., Loehr, R.C. The operation of removing the absorbed solute from the solvent is called stripping . 6. Limoli et al. 3. 180 kmol/hr of CO2 containing 2.0 mol% ethanol and 154 kmol/hr liquid water are fed to a packed column with diameter of 1.1m containing 1 (25mm) ceramic Raschig rings, with a pressure drop of 1.1 kPa/m. Absorption is a chemical process where atoms, molecules or ions enter a bulk phase which is a liquid or a solid material. Crit. This absorption involves the polar interactions between water and hydrophilic substances. In industrial applications, the liquid and vapor streams can have co-current or countercurrent flows. Amine scrubbing, also called amine gas treating, gas sweetening, or acid gas removal, is the process of removing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or carbon dioxide (CO2) from gasses. We investigated the technical performance of the process by conducting a sensitivity analysis around different parameters such as air humidity, capture rate defined as a ratio of moles of CO 2 captured during the process to the total mole of CO 2 in the feed stream, CO 2 loading of lean and rich absorption liquids and reboiler temperature, and By joining you are opting in to receive e-mail. What Kind Of Jobs Can Chemical Engineers Get? .cs-btn { The column combination Dufton (stripping part)Vigreux (scrubbing part) allows to recover 96% of the stripped ammonium during the scrubbing phase. Yacht Crew Agencies Europe, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Technology Campus De Nayer, 2860, Sint-Katelijne Waver . Technol. During scrubbing there is a transfer of components from the gas phase to the liquid phase. For the first experiment, the ammonium was removed from the supernatant (by means of stripping). I have never heard the term used in pure chemistry. The main bottleneck of the digestion process is the rather low conversion efficiency of organic material which is partly due to the accumulation of ammonia/ammonium. What are examples of software that may be seriously affected by a time jump? Stripping is a physical separation process where one or more components are removed from a liquid stream by a vapor stream. For these scale sizes, the use of packed columns will be more appropriate instead of the commonly used laboratory fractionating columns [17]. For this purpose, they used a laboratory-scale batch stripping and scrubbing plant constructed from glass elements. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support through the TETRA project ReciDigest (IWT 150156) by the Flanders Innovation and Entrepreneurship (VLAIO). (2017). Bousek et al. Absorbers are normally used with strippers to permit regeneration (or recovery) and recycling of the absorbent. font-weight: bold; width: 200px; https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-018-0283-7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-018-0283-7. Waste Manage. The vapor phase enters in the bottom of the column and exits out of the top. The residual concentration of organic material (approximately, 10%) is probably due to lignocellulosic structures present in the potato peels [26]. If a law is new but its interpretation is vague, can the courts directly ask the drafters the intent and official interpretation of their law? Caustic scrubber designs are available to treat sour refinery fuel gas both with and without CO 2, sour water stripper (SWS) gas, acid gas from amine units, and other refinery gas streams. 3. Carbon steel, stainless steel, rubber-lined steel, and premium alloys, once standard materials of construction for chemical storage tanks, are more and more being replaced by fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) as engineers begin to realize the advantages of FRP, e.g. The overall efficiency for the nitrogen recovery is thus almost 80%. You can also call us at 713-574-6661 or email us at . The variables and design considerations for strippers are many. = height of clear liquid/height of froth (unitless), = active tray area, hosting interaction between the gas and liquid phases (area), = downcomer area, hosting liquid handling (area), = total area of the holes on each tray (area), = tray-specific parameter, generally between 0.68 and 0.85. margin-bottom: 15px; } Ignore the contribution of the solute to the magnitude and physical properties of each phase. 124, 335342 (2014), Goswami, R., Chattopadhyay, P., Shome, A., Banerjee, S.N., Chakraborty, A.K., Mathew, A.K., Chaudhury, S.: An overview of physico-chemical mechanisms of biogas production by microbial communities: a step towards sustainable management. Both Vigreux columns were provided with a splash head to prevent the supernatant and sulphuric acid solution ending up in the scrubbing part and valve/cold finger, respectively, because of the air stream through the entire system. Initially, the self-developed laboratory-scale setup was equipped with two Vigreux columns, which is a commonly used laboratory fractionating column: one for the stripping part and the other for the scrubbing part. The incoming water contains no ethanol and is at 30C. B. Meesschaert. [2] Theory [ edit] Enroll here:https://courses.chemicalengineeringguy.com/p/mass-transfer-principles-for-vapor-liquid-unit-operationsMass Transfer Course Focused in Gas-Liquid and Vapor-Liquid Unit Operations for the Industry.----Please show the love! What are the Requirements to Become an Egg Donor? If a stripping column is large and a conservative approximation is too expensive, the situation could justify research and testing to measure HTU OL values. Figure2b shows a schematic drawing of the stripping and scrubbing process. %%EOF
Ms. Lehocky holds a degree in chemical engineering and is currently working on groundwater remediation systems. The stripping part is pretty common from many suppliers. Amine Scrubbing. [2] Trays and packing are used to increase the contact area over which mass transfer can occur as mass transfer theory dictates. .pmpro-invoice .content .section-article a { Even in the best combination, the time interval that was necessary for stripping was 17h, which is quite long. For a stripping column, is the top stage. I majored in Chemical Engineering with a minor in Industrial Engineering back in 2012. Chem. width: 1em !important; margin: auto; J. Environ. 6H2O) from raw digestate or its supernatant [13]. endstream
endobj
startxref
color: #c368a8 !important; Among them are the entering conditions, the degree of recovery of the solute needed, the choice of the stripping agent and its flow, the operating conditions, the number of stages, the heat effects, and the type and size of the equipment.[2]. width: 100%; For the characterization of both the digestate as the mixed substrate, the following parameters were analysed: pH, total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium, nitrite and nitrate. } 1. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. The difference is that in packed towers there are no trays. .subscribe-now { %%EOF
Eng. This article will review caustic scrubber designs applicable to these applications. background: #f1f1f1; 100, 164167 (2005), Mumme, J., Linke, B., Tlle, R.: Novel upflow anaerobic solid-state (UASS) reactor. The presence of ammonia in wastewater can be found in two forms, namely, ammonium ions and ammonia gas. Visit my spanish channel -www.youtube.com/ChemEngIQA Waste Manage. We aim to recover 97% of the incoming ethanol using 154 kmol/hr of fresh water. background-color: #fe83a2; width: 65%; font-size: 30px; [4] The soils are dredged from the bottom of contaminated harbors, mixed with water to make a slurry and then stripped with steam. 307 0 obj
<>
endobj
Found inside Page 1102Gas emitted from the furnace is water - scrubbed and treated in a wet Cottrell Chemical Corp. , Pasadena , Tex . .pmpro-billing table th, Required fields are marked *. As described above, two Vigreux columns were used in the first stripping and scrubbing experiment for gasliquid exchange. 0000005062 00000 n
xb```V cc`apMAJs$y;jr> ]PD 4,9nqY9T(w {A centrifugal wet scrubber, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Journal. Stripping: liquid is purified; solute stripped from liquid into gas For dilute streams, assume constant gas and liquid flow rates: G0 =Gn =G L0 =Ln =L Absorption Stripping yn is usually specified x0 is usually specified mass balance around top of column mass balance around bottom of column Pilot Chemical Company . padding: 15px; Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Terms of Use and Privacy Policy: Legal. #pmpro_form { In our present study, which is actually a continuation of our previous research [23], it was examined if such a stripping and scrubbing process can be applied to selectively remove and recover the TAN present in the thermophilic digestate from a potato processor. 63-73. . Packed towers are better for corrosive liquids.
As mentioned, the raw digestate is separated into a thick fraction and a thin fraction (also called the supernatant) by means of a centrifuge. #pmpro_form .pmpro_checkout h3 { img.wp-smiley, What Jobs for Chemical Engineering Majors? Is variance swap long volatility of volatility? The spent scrub solution is normally combined with the SX Feed. Int J Energy Environ Eng 9, 447455 (2018). The characteristics of the thermophilic digestate and substrate are given in Table1. Find the necessary column height and total pressure drop if we aim to recover 97% of the incoming solute and the column is operated at the loading point. In principle, it is also possible to use HNO3 (instead of H2SO4) in the scrubbing part. Trayed towers consist of a vertical column with liquid flowing in the top and out the bottom. Using structured packing is a common method to increase the capacity for separation or to replace damaged trays. Planned Maintenance scheduled March 2nd, 2023 at 01:00 AM UTC (March 1st, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. margin-bottom: 20px !important; padding: 15px; Packing can have varying material, surface area, flow area, and associated pressure drop. Question: What is the difference between scrubbing and stripping? Accessed 08 February 2017, Ge, X., Xu, F., Li, Y.: Solid-state anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass: recent progress and perspectives. Gas Absorption 4. .subscribe-now .cs-btn { 5. 2. a Picture of the complete self-developed laboratory-scale setup used for the ammonium removal and recovery and b schematic drawing of the stripping and scrubbing process. Process Biochem. In a Dufton column, downwards spiralling liquid normally meets ascending vapour. The latter nitrogenous components will then be denitrified in the subsequent digestion process with the loss of biogas production potential, as proven in our previous research [23]. background-color: #ffffff; margin-top: 30px; background-color: #fe83a2; Always check the safety data sheet (SDS) for any chemical stripping product used, and protect workers accordingly. .btn-red { Bioeng. Two additional column combinations were studied: (1) a Dufton column in the stripping part and a Vigreux column in the scrubbing part and (2) vice versa.
To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Ammonia Scrubber Repairs. The second criterion is the time interval required for this removal. Below critical temperature, a gas is known as vapor ( which could be saturated or superheated). Also important, is the ability of the packing material to not stack on top of itself. Ignore the contribution of the solute to the physical properties of the carrier streams and assume a vapor flooding velocity of 3.12 m/s. Packed towers are better for corrosive liquids. Manage. In gas stripping applications, a vacuum or stripping gas is applied against the aqueous stream to remove dissolved or entrained gas from the liquid. Volume of biogas produced for both the treated (TAN content of 0.25gL1 after stripping) and untreated digestate (TAN content of 2.3gL1). = height of clear liquid/height of froth (unitless); equation 14.4 from Lecture 2.2 Staged Column Pressure Drop, = density of the liquid phase (mass volume-1), = density of the vapor phase (mass volume-1), = interfacial gas-liquid area per unit volume of combined gas and liquid hold up (area/volume = length-1), = interfacial gas-liquid area per unit volume of equivalent clear liquid (area/volume = length-1), = active bubbling area of the tray (area), = diffusivity of the solute in the liquid phase (cm2 s-1), = diffusivity of the solute in the vapor phase (cm2 s-1), = Murphree efficiency of a stage, based on the vapor phase, = fractional value representing proximity to flooding value, based on instead of (unitless), = pressure drop due to movement of the gas through the liquid hold-up, from Lecture 2.2 Staged Column Pressure Drop (pressure), = gas-phase mass transfer coefficient (length time-1), = liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient (length time-1), = equilibrium constant for our system (y/x), = overall mass transfer coefficient, based on partial-pressure driving force (time-1), = molar flow rate of the liquid phase (mol time-1), = molecular weight of the liquid phase (mass mole-1), = number of transfer units in the gas phase, = number of transfer units in the liquid phase, = number of overall mass transfer units, expressed on a gas-phase basis, = liquid volumetric flow rate across the tray (volume time-1), = average gas residence time in the froth (time), = average liquid residence time in the froth (time), = superficial vapor velocity, calculated based on the active bubbling area (length time-1), = superficial vapor velocity at flooding, found by Souders and Brown or superficial velocity method, Lecture 2.1 Graphical and mathematical determination of vapor phase flooding velocity(length time-1), = molar flow rate of the gas phase (mole time-1), = composition (mole fraction) of the gas entering stage n from stage, = composition (mole fraction) of the gas leaving stage, = composition (mole fraction) of the gas leaving stage n if it had reached equilibrium with the liquid leaving stage, = height of combined gas and liquid hold up (length), Refer to Lecture 1.13 Stage Efficiency and Column Heightfor the first part of this topic, In equations 15.12 and 15.13, and must be in cm2/s, must be in cm, must be in (kg/m)0.5s-1. Absorption and stripping are two processes that transfer the components from one substance to another. .pmpro-account table th, scrubbing vs stripping chemical engineering October 4, 2021 | by The newest method, patented by UA and Dr. Jason E. Bara, assistant professor of chemical and biological engineering, uses a form of liquid salt that could be swapped with chemicals currently used . display: none; Answer (1 of 2): 1. absorber a process equipment are used to remove one or more gaseous component from gaseous mixture by using suitable type solvent mostly present in lessr quantity. How many equilibrium stages are required for each of the following design cases? Ignore the contribution of the solute. For the detection of ammonium (in addition for the characterization, also for monitoring the ammonium removal during the stripping and scrubbing), the ion chromatograph was supplied by the combination of a Metrosep C-4150/4.0 analytical column and Metrosep C-4 Guard/4.0 precolumn with 0.7mM dipicolinic acid and 1.7mM HNO3as eluent at a constant flow rate of 0.9mLmin1. [20], although their experimental conditions of the stripping process were different from ours, namely the use of digested dairy manure, temperature of 308.15K (35C) and pH of around 10. The latter has better characteristics than the raw digestate due to the lower solid content. Electron. } As we did not want to deactivate the microorganisms present in this supernatantas this could negatively influence further digestionwe were limited in both the temperature and pH increase that could be applied. I think OP's question is about solvent extraction in hydrometallurgy. For this purpose, two biogas experiments were performed and compared. Packed columns, and particularly when random packing is used, are usually favored for smaller columns with a diameter less than 2 feet and a packed height of not more than 20 feet. Jiang et al. padding: 0; COD was determined through the combination of the HI 839800 COD reactor and the HI 83214 Multiparameter Bench Photometer for Wastewater Treatment Application (Hanna Instruments, USA). o9c{8
W}:N[Z jPa\7KdD.EPs~W*Q"6*W#@ vKT46K}@":SBFJo41'tV2+dtD_# ry. Single-Component vs. Multicomponent Absorption 3. max-width: 180px; Absorption is used to separate gas mixtures, remove impurities, or recover valuable chemicals. .pmpro-invoice table th { 180 kmol/hr of off-gas from a fermentation unit contains 98 mol% CO2 and 2 mol% ethanol. In short, absorption and stripping are two processes that transfer the components and bulk material from one substance to another. The degree of recovery is often determined by environmental regulations, such as for volatile organic compounds like chloroform. Transcribed image text: What is the difference between scrubbing and stripping? The stripper was connected to the scrubber unit via a horizontal laboratory glass tube. 180 kmol/hr of fermentation off-gas containing 98 mol% CO2 and 2 mol% ethanol is to be fed to a staged absorption tower that operates at 30C, 110 kPa. What is the difference between distillation and stripping? 1). } Yuan et al. .pmpro-account h3, It is rarely performed in spray towers, bubble columns, and centrifugal contactors. Stripping is a physical separation process where one or more components are removed from a liquid stream by a vapor stream. Schematic drawing of the configuration used for carrying out two thermophilic biogas experiments to investigate the possible inhibitory effect of ammonium. Why do we kill some animals but not others? We intend to use fresh water to absorb the ammonia from a stream of air containing 28.5 mol% ammonia, with both streams at 20C. Technol. This reaction depends on the stoichiometry of the reaction and the concentration of the reactants. !function(e,a,t){var n,r,o,i=a.createElement("canvas"),p=i.getContext&&i.getContext("2d");function s(e,t){var a=String.fromCharCode;p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,e),0,0);e=i.toDataURL();return p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,t),0,0),e===i.toDataURL()}function c(e){var t=a.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=t.type="text/javascript",a.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)}for(o=Array("flag","emoji"),t.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},r=0;r